Introduction

                   There are number of respiratory disorders which affects people. The pecentage of such disorders is particularly high in some countries such as the pakistan ets. It is due to more concentration of air pollutant not only in urbans but also in the rural armosphere. There are following respiratory disorders.

1.Bronchitis:-

                        Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi or bronchiols. It results in excessive secretion of mucus into th tubes, leaading to the swelling of tubular walls and narrowing of tubes. 


Causes:It is caused by vruses, bacteria or exposur to chemical intants such as TOBACCO SMOKE


Types:-

             There are two major types of bronchitis.
(a)Acute bronchitis:It usually lasts about two two weeks and patients recover with no permanent damage to th bronchi or bronchioles.

(b)Chronic bronchitis:In this the bronchi devevlop chronic inflammation. It usually lasts for three months to two years.

Symptoms:-

                Symptoms are cough, mild wheezing, fever,chills and shortness of breath(especially when doing hard job).



2.Emphysema

                    Emphysema  is the destruction of walls of alveoli. It results inlarger sacs but with less surface area for gaseous exchange. As lung tissues break down mean lung are not come back to orignal position after exhalaltion. So air is trapped.



  Symptoms:-

                      It include the shortness of breath, fatigue, recurrent respiratory infections and weight loss. By the time symptoms of emphysema appear the patient has usually lost 50% to 70% of lung tissues. The level of Oxygen in blood may get so low that it causes serious complications.

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3.Pneumonia 

                    pneumonia i an infection of lungs. If this infection affects both lungs then, it is called doubled pneumonia. The most common cause of pneumonia is a bacterium, Streptococcus pneumonia. Some viral (influenza virus) and fungal infections may also lead to pneumonia.



                       When the causative organisms enter the alveoli, they settle there and grow in number. They break the lung tissues and the area become filled with fluid and pus. 

Symptoms:-

                    It include cold by high fever, shivering, and a cough with sputum production. Patient may become short of breath. The patient's skin colour may change and become dusky or purplish. It is due to poor oxygenation of blood

Trearments:Vaccines are available to prevent pneumonia caused by S.Pneumonia. Antibiotics are used in the treatment of this types of pneumonia

4.Asthma

                          Asthma is a form of allergy,in which there is inflammation of the bronchi, more mucuos produced and narrowng of the airways.



 In asthma patients, the bronchi and bronchioles become sensitive to different alleges such as DUST, SMOKE, PERFUMES, and POLLENS. When exposed to any of such allergens, the sensitive airways show immediate and excess constrictions. In this condition, the patient feel difficulty in breahing 

  Symptoms:-

                  It varries from person to person. The major symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, cough and chest tightness.

Treatments:-

                          The chemical with ability to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles are used in the treatment of asthma. Such medicines are given in the form if inhalers.